Electrically induced displacement and force can be easily tailored by changing the length and the number of PPy composite in parallel, respectively. A thick bundle can create huge force. The PPy-metal coil composite actuator can 'push' without complicated mechanisms.

　

SEM photographs of metal coil before and after the electropolymerization.

THe idea of composite came from a Japanese paper lantern stretching smoothly.

An artificial muscle fiber
（PPy-metal coil composite）

　Diameter： ０．２５ ｍｍ
　Stress： ２０ ｇｆ

　
A thick bundle can create huge force

ex）A bundle of 100 artificial muscle fibers.

　Diameter： ４．５ ｍｍ
　Stress： ２ ｋｇｆ
Displacement and force can be easily tailored by changing the length and the number of PPy composite.

ex）A thick bundle comprising 25 bundles of 100 artificial muscle fibers.

　Diameter： ４０ ｍｍ
　Stress： ５０ ｋｇｆ
In order to exhibit large force, a number of PPy-metal coil composites should be aligned in parallel. Up to 10 pieces, electrochemically induced force increased proportionally without change of electrochamical strain. A tiny 10-piece bundle can create 2.26 N (230 gf) force.
Some bundles of PPy-coil composite
A 10-piece bundle of PPy-metal coil composites integrated with a tightly wound Au wire as the additional electrode was put in a capsule with electrolytic solution, and was able to push at 4.12 N force.